PHP Fundamentals

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Basic Syntax

All PHP code must be enclosed inside <? and ?> closing tags
echo outputs text.
<?  
In the previous example we first set the handle of the curl session to $ch. Then with the curl_setopt command we set the URL of the request to http://www.example.com. The CURLOPT_HEADER option sets whether or not the server response header should be returned. By default curl will display the response straight to the browser as the script is executed. To counter this we enabled the CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER option. Now when we run the curl_exec() statement the data returned from the remote server is returned and stored the the $data variable instead of passed to the browser.

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will display whatever is between the double quotes including the value of variables. Notice the used in the statement. The will escape the next character. Using a before special characters like " $ display the character. Using

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Curl Introduction

curl is the client URL function library. PHP supports it through libcurl. To enable support for libcurl when installing PHP add --with-curl=[location of curl libraries] to the configure statement before compiling. The curl package must be installed prior to installing PHP. Most major functions desired when connecting to remote web servers are included in curl, including POST and GET form posting, SSL support, HTTP authentication, session and cookie handling.
To start a curl session use the curl_init() function. Options for the curl session are set via the curl_setopt() PHP function. Once you have the options set execute the request with the curl_exec() function.
Example:
Posted by Blogger at 12:05

PHP Fundamentals

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The first thing we need to do is to create a couple of files that will contain the text for each of the languages that will be supported by the website. For demo purpose I have chosen English, Spanish and German. Make a directory named “directory”. In this directory create 3 files: lang.de.php, lang.en.php, and lang.es.php. In our main file (index.php) we will include a file (common.php) containing a piece of code that gets the requested language. Here’s the content of those 3 language files:

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As you can notice, some constants are created using the define() function. In every file the defined constants have the same name, bu the values is different. We will output the values of the constants inside the index.php file. Therefore we will see different text every time we will call other language file.

Determine the right language

Let’s analyze the common.php file:
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After we determine the value of $lang, we use switch() to compare its value with some different values, and execute a different piece of code depending on which value it equals to. After the value of the $lang_file is determined, the script will include the necessary language file. As you can see I have used sessions to register the value of $lang. This way users can navigate through the whole site and see the content in the chosen language (lang=[language here] does not need to be passed in every URL). Additionally, I have used cookies to store the selected language in users computer for 30 days. When the visitor will come back he will see the site in the language that he previously selected.

How if the website’s language requested?

In this demo I have chosen to use some image flags, each image having a link to index.php?lang=[LANG HERE]. So, to see the site in german we will use the German image flag which links toindex.php?lang=de.
Lastly, the constants values should be outputted in the page. Examples
Posted by Blogger at 11:09

Top PHP Techniques

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Setting up

To learn the concepts described in this article, you are going to need PHP, a Web server, and Eclipse. The latest version of PHP supported by the debugger extension is V5.0.3.
We need a Web server to parse the pages you create in PHP and display them to the browser. This article uses Apache V2. However, any Web server will suffice.
To take advantage of some of the debugging techniques in this article, you need to install Eclipse V3.1.1 and the plug-in: PHPeclipse V1.1.8. Since Eclipse requires Java™ technology, you also need to download that.
You also need the debugger module extension for PHP. Installing it is a bit tricky. Carefully follow the instructions for installing the debugger extension. For now, comment out the lines where you are asked to load and configure the extension in PHP in the php.ini file. We’ll uncomment those lines when we’re ready to use the debugger.
See Related topics for download information. Now let's move on to error messages.

Error messages

Error messages are your first line of defense as a developer. You don't want to be developing code in PHP on a server that is not configured to display error messages. However, keep in mind that when your code is debugged and ready to go live, you want to make sure error reporting is turned off because you don't want visitors to your site seeing error messages that may give them enough knowledge to exploit a weakness and hack your site.
You can also use error messages to your advantage because they display the exact line of code that threw or generated an error. This makes debugging a matter of looking at the line number shown on the browser by the generated error and checking that line number in your code. Later, you will see that the PHPeclipse plug-in aides significantly in the development and debugging process by underlining syntax errors on the fly and by marking syntax errors with a red "x" when saving your file.
Let's take a look at how to turn error reporting on in the php.ini file and set the level of error reporting. Then you'll learn how to override these settings in the Apache configuration file.




























Error reporting in the server

Depending on what Apache is doing, turning error reporting on in PHP may not work because you may have multiple PHP versions on your computer. It's sometimes hard to tell which PHP version Apache is pointing to because Apache can only look at one php.ini file. Not knowing which php.ini file Apache is using to configure itself is a security problem. However, there is a way to configure PHP variables in Apache to guarantee the setting of the correct error levels.
Also, it's good to know how to set these configuration variables on the server side to veto or pre-empt the php.ini file, providing a greater level of security.
You should already have toyed with basic configurations in the http.conf file at <apache2-install-dir>/conf/httpd.conf when you configured Apache.
To do the same as you just did in the php.ini file, add the following lines to your httpd.conf to override any and all php.ini files:




Introducing print statements

Because functional bugs in your application don't generate errors, knowledge on how to accurately place and use print or die statements to debug your PHP application can be a great asset in your arsenal of debugging strategies. You can use print statements to narrow down the locations of problem statements in your code that may not be syntactically incorrect or bugs in the code, but they are bugs in the functionality of your code. These are the hardest bugs to find and debug because they throw no errors. You only know that what is being displayed to the browser isn't what you intended, or that what you thought was being stored in your database isn't being stored at all.
Suppose you are processing form data sent in via a GET request and want to display the information to the browser, but for whatever reason, the data is either not being submitted properly, or it isn't being read from the GET request properly. To debug such a problem, it's important to know what the value of the variable is, using a print() or a die() statement.
The die() statement halts program execution and displays text to the Web browser. The die() statement is particularly useful if you don't want to have to comment out your code, and you only want everything up to the error and the error displayed and nothing after.
Let's test this concept of using print statements in PHP.

Debugging using print statements

In my years as a programmer where I developed applications on Linux® boxes with no handy GUI to tell me where my bugs were, I quickly caught on that the more print statements I laced my program with the more chances I had of narrowing down the bugs in my application to a single line. Create another PHP file, test2.php, and define it as shown in Listing 2.

Listing 2. Display all variables submitted via GET
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Top 10 PHP World

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9Telegraph expert rating
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